By Michael Raska
China has aimed to overcome deficiencies in areas critical to its national security ever since it initiated the National High Technology Program ("863") in March 1986 - the most important civilian-military R&D program next to the “Two Weapons, and One Satellite” science and technology development plan of 1956-67.
The 863 Program featured a concurrent development of dual-use technologies applicable in both civilian and military domains. The program had initially focused on developing seven strategic priority areas: laser technology, space, biotechnology, information technology, automation and manufacturing technology, energy, and advanced materials. In the mid-1990s, China expanded these areas in size, scope, and importance, shifting its trajectory toward cutting-edge technological products and processes. The 863 Program is ongoing, funding projects such as the Tianhe-1A supercomputer.
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